商贸英语：远期信用证的英文文章，最好是中英文对照的，哪里有？

要写一篇远期信用证的英文文章,在网上搜索了好久都不没有,急死我了！哪位网友有相关的网站或文章推荐呀？
强调一下,是远期信用证 usance letter of credit, 最好有英文和中文的都有的. 没中文的也行,但必须要有英文关于远期信用证的论文,切记!

答案或建议：

Usance credits payable at sight are also known as letters of credit with forward draft payable at sight.

Issuing banks issue a usance credit on demand of an applicant, promising to pay at sight.

Issuing banks shall pay at sight if the beneficiaries submit the forward draft, while applicants only need to reimburse the issuing banks when due and undertake the fees and the interest.

In fact, it is a financing approach offered to exportors by issuing banks.

Types of Credits (According to degrees of payment)

1- Sight Credit

A Letter of Credit under which value is available to the beneficiary at sight i.e. immediately upon presentation of credit conforming documents.

2- Usance Credit

A Letter of Credit under which value is available to the beneficiary at a determinable future date against presentation of credit confirming documents.

3- Deferred Payment Credit

A Letter of Credit similar to Usance credit except that the draft is not required under this type of credit. Issuing and/or confirming bank issues a written promise to the beneficiary to make payment on due date. This credit is opened to avoid payment of stamp duties imposed in certain countries.

4- Mixed Tenor Credit

A Letter of Credit under which the value is available to the beneficiary partially at sight and partially at a determinable future date against credit confirming documents.

5- Special Credits

a-Revolving Credit is one where, under the terms and conditions thereof, the amount is renewed or reinstated without specific amendment to the credit being needed. There is always a "revolving clause" which will allow revolvement of the credit either in relation to time or amount.

Revolvement may be either on cumulative or non-cumulative basis

A cumulative revolving credit allows any unutilized balance of a previous period(s) to be carried forward to the next reinstatement.

A non-cumulative revolving credit, on the other hand, implies the cancellation of the unutilized amount prior to the reinstatement.

This type of credit is established to cover a series of shipments and to avoid having to open new credits and/or making amendments to the credits.

b-Transferable Credit allows the beneficiary (the first beneficiary) to instruct the advising bank or a bank nominated in the credit as transferring bank, to make the credit available in whole or in part to one several other beneficiary(s).
The middleman who wants to transfer part or all of his rights and obligations to the actual supplier and/or when the first beneficiary cannot supply all the goods himself uses this type of credit usually.

c- Back to Back Credit consists of two credits covering one shipment of goods, involving a "middleman" who is the beneficiary of the first (primary) credit and the applicant for the second. Credit received in favor of the first beneficiary is also known as "Master Credit".
d- Standby Credits are not concerned with specific goods or services but with obligations. They are given as a security to beneficiaries in the form of a promise by the issuing bank, on behalf of the applicant, that the beneficiary will be reimbursed should default occur.

FOLLOING IS A CIRCULAR AS YOUR REFERENCE :

Circular of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange Concerning the Related Matters on Administering Short-term Foreign Debts of Financial Institutions in 2007

The branches and foreign exchange administration offices of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange in each province, autonomous region, and municipality directly under the Central Government, and the municipal branches of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange in Shenzhen, Dalian, Qingdao, Xiamen and Ningbo, and all the headquarters of the designated Chinese-funded foreign exchange banks:

For the purpose of rigorously controlling the short-term foreign debt scale, promoting the international balance of payments and maintaining the safety of the national economic and financial, the related matters on administering short-term foreign debts of financial institutions in 2007 are hereby notified as follows:

1. The administration of short-term foreign debt balance quotas (hereinafter referred to as short-term foreign debt quotas) shall apply to the following foreign debts of financial institutions:
(1) Usance letters of credit that has been accepted but not yet paid with a term of over 90 days (excluding 90 days);
(2) Deposits of overseas institutions as well as deposits of overseas individuals whose balance in the foreign exchange account at a same bank with a legal person status is more than an equivalent value of USD 500,000;
(3) Overseas loans, overseas inter-bank borrowings, current businesses with overseas inter-bank and subordinated institutions thereof (as the debtor) as well as overseas agency payments by various settlement methods with a term of less than one year (including one year) ; and
(4) Short-term foreign debts in other forms.

2. The short-term foreign debt quotas of financial institutions in 2007 will be reduced by the decrease State Administration of Foreign Exchange (SAFE). The short-term foreign debt quotas for Chinese-funded banks in 2007 shall be decreased to 30% of their respective quotas as determined upon confirmation in 2006, and short-term foreign debt quotas for non-bank financial institutions and foreign-funded banks in 2007 shall be decreased to 60% of their respective quotas as determined upon confirmation in 2006.

3. A financial institution shall decrease its short-term foreign debt balance according to the following requirements:
(1) By June 30, 2007, a Chinese-funded bank shall reduce its short-term foreign debt balance to 45% or less of the quota as determined in 2006, and with regard to a non-bank financial institution or foreign-funded bank, its short-term foreign debt balance shall be reduced to 85% or less of the quota as determined in 2006.
(2) By September 30, 2007, a Chinese-funded bank shall reduce its short-term foreign debt balance to 40% or less of the quota as determined in 2006, and with respect to a non-bank financial institution or foreign-funded bank, its short-term foreign debt balance shall be reduced to 75% or less of the quota as determined in 2006.
(3) By December 31, 2007, a Chinese-funded bank shall reduce its short-term foreign debt balance to 35% or less of the quota as determined in 2006, and with regard to a non-bank financial institution or foreign-funded bank, its short-term foreign debt balance shall be reduced to 65% or less of the quota as determined in 2006.
(4) By March 31, 2008, a Chinese-funded bank shall reduce its short-term foreign debt balance to 30% or less of the quota as determined in 2006, and with respect to a non-bank financial institution or foreign-funded bank, its short-term foreign debt balance shall be reduced to 60% or less of the quota as determined in 2006.

4. The short-term foreign debt quota for a Chinese-funded or foreign-funded bank newly established, or a Chinese-funded bank newly launching foreign exchange business shall be determined upon verification as no more than two times its foreign exchange operating fund or its capital.

5. After a branch of a foreign-funded bank is converted into a bank with a legal person statue in China, the short-term foreign debt quota of the original short-term foreign debt quota management bank or the original domestic branch shall be inherited by this bank with a legal person status, and its headquarters shall submit such quota to the SAFE or the SAFE branch or management department at the registration place (hereinafter referred to as the "SAFE branch") for archival filing.

In case a foreign-funded bank has simultaneously established both a bank with a legal person status and a branch conducting wholesale business of foreign exchange within the territory of China, the subsidiary bank shall take charge of managing short-term foreign debts, and the short-term foreign debt quota shall be jointly used by the bank with a legal person status and the branch conducting wholesale business of foreign exchange.

Where it is necessary for a foreign-funded bank to adjust short-term foreign debt quotas for different regions because of the merger or split-up, etc., the institution needing to increase the quota shall apply to the local SAFE branch, who shall examine and approve the application together with other related SAFE branches, and then report it to the SAFE for archival filing.

6. Before a branch of a foreign-founded bank in China is converted into a bank with a legal person status, the funds from its overseas parent bank for its the capital increase may be deposited into a special account which is opened in a domestic bank upon this branch's application to the local SAFE branch on behalf of the foreign bank. Such funds are not subject to the management of short-term foreign debt quotas of such domestic bank, but they may only be used as overseas short-term capital by such domestic bank and not for any other purpose.

7. The SAFE will determine upon verification the short-term foreign debt quotas of the following financial institutions:
(1) Policy banks and nationwide commercial banks with a legal person status (including foreign-funded banks with a legal person status converted from foreign bank branches, see the affixed forms 1 and 2); and
(2) Foreign bank branches implementing the centralized management on short-term foreign debt quotas (see affixed Form 1).

8. Within the regional quotas (see affixed form 3) determined upon verification by the SAFE, each SAFE branch shall determine the short-term foreign debt quotas of the following financial institutions within its jurisdiction:
信用证申请表